Philosophy of Race Versus Population Genetics: Round 3

Abstract

The Social Constructionist and Biologically Realist views of human races are often presented as mutually exclusive alternatives. Surprisingly, this debate has its origin in work on blood group population genetics. A finding that the greater part of human genetic variation lies within populations, rather than between races, has led some to deny the reality of geographically limited biological clusters. An extension of this view maintains that any differences that may exist are distributed in clinal fashion along ancient human migration routes precluding reliable delineation of racial clusters.

Here I argue that new genetic data adequately demonstrate that statistically significantly differentiated human subgroups (aka biological races) do exist. Further, that the analytical methods used to reconstruct the history of these human clusters are themselves, in part, social constructs. Therefore, these two contrasting philosophical viewpoints may be seen as capable of working together. Indeed, they are a sub-element of a larger metaphysical debate regarding the reality or otherwise of race, social or biological. I conclude by stressing the importance of racial definitions as regards the collection of reliable census information, the formation of equitable social policies and better informed medical decisions, particularly those involving the prescription of pharmaceuticals.